SynonymsBot
Synonyms for totonacan or Related words with totonacan
zoquean
mixtecan
popolocan
nahuan
otomanguean
chibchan
mazatecan
tanoan
misumalpan
zapotecan
surmic
arawakan
panoan
tlapanecan
pomoan
chimariko
numic
tequistlatecan
cariban
yokutsan
totozoquean
wakashan
palaungic
zamucoan
aztecan
huave
omotic
aslian
taracahitic
barbacoan
pipil
chicomuceltec
manguean
gunwinyguan
apachean
mixe
tucanoan
pamean
chumashan
quechuan
maiduan
chimakuan
samoyedic
wolaytta
chukotko
amuzgoan
nobiin
saliban
nambikwara
kartvelian
Examples of "totonacan"
Most
Totonacan
languages have a three-vowel system with each quality making distinctions of length and laryngealization. The following is the "typical"
Totonacan
vocalic inventory.
Totonacan
-language programming is carried by the CDI's radio station XECTZ-AM, broadcasting from Cuetzalan, Puebla.
The following table compares the numeral bases of six
Totonacan
languages.
All
Totonacan
languages have at least one causative morpheme, a prefix "ma:-" :
Possessive constructions in
Totonacan
languages are marked on the possessed noun rather than on the possessor noun:
"Ethnologue" currently recognizes 12 languages in the
Totonacan
family, 3 Tepehua languages and 9 Totonac:
Totonacan
languages have a wide assortment of morphemes for increasing the valency of a verb.
The
Totonacan
Languages are a family of closely related languages spoken by approximately 200,000 Totonac and Tepehua people in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. The
Totonacan
languages are not demonstrably related to any other languages, although they share numerous areal features with other languages of the Mesoamerican Sprachbund, such as the Mayan languages and Nahuatl.
Like many native Mexican languages, the
totonacan
languages have slowly been replaced by Spanish. However, the
totonacan
misanteca variety is in greater danger of disappearing. Other languages are still spoken in several communities in the States of Puebla, Veracruz, Hidalgo and San Luis Potosí.
One of the most frequently used valency-increasing affixes in the
Totonacan
languages is the dative or benefactive suffix :
A prominent feature of
Totonacan
languages is the presence of sound symbolism (see ; ; ; ; ; ; ). The most common (but by no means only) sound-symbolic pattern in
Totonacan
involves fricative alterations, typically /s/ ~ /š/ ~ /ɬ/ and occasionally /ts/ ~ /č/ ~ /š/ correlated either with increasingly more energetic or forceful action or with the size of an event participant, as in the following examples from Upper Necaxa Totonac :
Misantla Totonac belongs to the
Totonacan
language family. This family consists of two branches: Tepehua and Totonac. Misantla Totonac is the southernmost variety of Totonac. The
Totonacan
languages have been tentatively grouped with Mixe-Zoque as part of the Totozoquean language family. They are also included in the Amerind superfamily proposed by Joseph Greenberg.
The
Totonacan
languages (a.k.a. Totonac–Tepehua languages) are a family of closely related languages spoken by approximately 290,000 Totonac (approx. 280,000) and Tepehua (approx. 10,000) people in the states of Veracruz, Puebla, and Hidalgo in Mexico. At the time of the Spanish conquest
Totonacan
languages were spoken all along the gulf coast of Mexico . During the colonial period
Totonacan
languages were occasionally written and at least one grammar was produced . In the 20th century the number of speakers of most varieties have dwindled as indigenous identity increasingly became stigmatized encouraging speakers to adopt Spanish as their main language .
There is some variation is the sound systems of the different varieties of Totonac and Tepehua, but the following phoneme inventory can be considered a typical
Totonacan
inventory .
To the languages that rely largely on intrinsic frame of reference belong, for instance, Mopan (a Mayan language) or Totonac (a
Totonacan
language).
This classification is the basis of the latest version of the ISO language codes for
Totonacan
, although some of these classifications are disputed.
However Campbell wrote that he believed that Mayan would indeed some day prove to be related to Mixe–Zoquean and
Totonacan
(Campbell: 1997), but that the studies up to then had done nothing to support such an assumption. (This may have changed for Mixe–Zoquean and
Totonacan
themselves, with the Totozoquean proposal.) In Campbell's opinion, Huave is more likely connected to Oto-Manguean, as suggested by Morris Swadesh.
The region is a source of Olmec, Mayan, Chimalapan, Zapotec and
Totonacan
Antiquities treasured by the inhabitants, best represented by the lion statue on top of La Esmeralda, Chimalapa municipal agency.
This convention is also used by several Bantu languages (e.g., "kiSwahili", "Swahili language"; "isiZulu", "Zulu language") and several indigenous languages of Mexico (e.g. Nahuatl,
Totonacan
, Mixe–Zoque, and some Oto-Manguean languages).
Numerals in
Totonacan
languages are bound roots that require a classificatory prefix which changes based on the type, shape or measure of object being counted. This is illustrated for one of the languages Upper Necaxa Totonac in the table below :